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12 X 18 Stretched Canvas Poster Leslie’s: U.S. Marines at the Anti-Aircraft Gun $49.99 This image is one a collection of vintage art, this excellent quality and durable Canvas Print measures 12 X 18 inches and arrives ready to hang on the wall with all necessary accessories already in place. The Canvas Print is stretched over a sturdy wood frame for maximum stability and tautness. Canvas prints are Gallery Wrapped.  This means that the image will go around the edge of the stretched…

12 X 18 Stretched Canvas Poster Woman Aircraft Worker $49.99 This image is one a collection of vintage art, this excellent quality and durable Canvas Print measures 12 X 18 inches and arrives ready to hang on the wall with all necessary accessories already in place. The Canvas Print is stretched over a sturdy wood frame for maximum stability and tautness. Canvas prints are Gallery Wrapped.  This means that the image will go around the edge of the stretched…

30 x 20 Stretched Canvas Poster Leslie’s: U.S. Marines at the Anti-Aircraft Gun $119.99 This image is one a collection of vintage art, this excellent quality and durable Canvas Print measures 30 X 20 inches and arrives ready to hang on the wall with all necessary accessories already in place. The Canvas Print is stretched over a sturdy wood frame for maximum stability and tautness. Canvas prints are Gallery Wrapped.  This means that the image will go around the edge of the stretched…

Clear Skies – No Aircraft Contrails in the Future?

Contrails or vapour trails are visible trails of condensed water vapour made by the exhaust of aircraft engines. As the hot exhaust gases cool in the surrounding air they may precipitate a cloud of microscopic water droplets. If the air is cold enough, this trail will comprise tiny ice crystals.

The main products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion are carbon dioxide and water vapour. At high altitudes this water vapour emerges into a cold environment, and the local increase in water vapour can push the water content of the air past saturation point. The vapour then condenses into tiny water droplets and/or deposits into ice. These millions of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals form the vapour trail or contrails.

The grounding of aircrafts for three days in the United States after September 11, 2001 provided a rare opportunity for scientists to study the effects of contrails on climate forcing. Measurements showed that without contrails, the local diurnal temperature range (difference of day and night temperatures) was about 1 degree Celsius higher than immediately before; however, it has also been suggested that this was due to unusually clear weather during the period.

Vapour trails or contrails, by affecting the Earth’s radiation balance, act as a radiative forcing. Studies have found that vapour trails or contrails trap outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) at a greater rate than they reflect incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing).

Dissipation of contrails with a powerful microwave beam aligned behind aircraft engines is being touted as a possible solution to help address air transport’s effects on the climate.

It is believed that ice particles could be prevented from forming, or be evaporated once formed, by remotely heating them, together with condensation nuclei such as soot in the exhaust plume.

The remote heating of condensation nuclei could be achieved by applying electromagnetic radiation, such as microwaves. Depending on assumptions made, calculation shows that the power required for such a device could be as little as 0.1% of the aircraft engine power.

With theoretically low energy requirements and associated weight penalty, existing aircraft could possibly be retrofitted and new aircraft equipped with this technology.

Could this be the end of blue skies, full of aircraft contrails? What do you think?

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does the f a a issue letters of authorization to fly certan aircraft instead of license?

i have heard that in rare cases they do

Yes….an LOA letter of authorization is in addition to your pilots license and is used for aircraft of high performance that do not have the 12,500 lb. type rating requirement. The rules governing LOA have recently been changed so now authorization is noted on your airman’s certificate ( license) The old letters of LOA were grandfathered and new issuance of certificates were processed for pilots holding LOA’s that applied for authorization under the new rules.

A few examples of aircraft that require LOA are the P-51 Mustang, Corsair, P-40 Warhawk, Fouga-Magister 170 and many others of the warbird category. I’m not aware of any general aviation manufactured aircraft requiring an LOA. I’ve not searched the LOA in the FAA database but I’m sure it is further defined there.

The LOA program has been under a revamping by the FAA read more here.

http://www.l39.com/docs/downloads/N8700-32.pdf

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